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#atmosphericscience

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On 27th May, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission published "FCC Kickstarts a Proceeding that Could Unlock More than 20,000 Megahertz of Spectrum for High-Speed Internet Delivered from Space". (fcc.gov/document/fcc-looks-unl) Some of it is a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and other parts are a Further NPRM. This proceeding has not been released in the Federal Register, so we don't yet know when comments and reply comments are due.

The Commission seeks comment on expanding satellite connectivity across four spectrum bands: 12.7-13.25 GHz, 42.0-42.5 GHz, 51.4-52.4 GHz, and the so-called "W-band" at 92.0-94.0 GHz, 94.1-100 GHz, 102.0-109.5 GHz, and 111.8-114.25 GHz. It covers a number of bands and certainly touches on areas of concern to both #RadioAstronomy and #AtmosphericScience.

Inside Hail Formation

Conventional wisdom suggests that hailstones form over the course of repeated trips up and down through a storm, but a new study suggests that formation method is less common than assumed. Researchers studied the isotope signatures in the layers of 27 hailstones to work out each stone’s formation history. They found that most hailstones (N = 16) grew without any reversal in direction. Another 7 only saw a single period when upwinds lifted them, and only 1 of the hailstones had cycled down-and-up more than once. They did find, however, that hailstones larger than 25mm (1 inch) in diameter had at least one period of growth during lifting.

So smaller hailstones likely don’t cycle up and down in a storm, but the largest (and most destructive) hailstones will climb at least once before their final descent. (Image credit: D. Trinks; research credit: X. Lin et al.; via Gizmodo)

Climate Change and the Equatorial Cold Tongue

A cold region of Pacific waters stretches westward along the equator from the coast of Ecuador. Known as the equatorial cold tongue, this region exists because trade winds push surface waters away from the equator and allow colder, deeper waters to surface. Previous climate models have predicted warming for this region, but instead we’ve observed cooling — or at least a resistance to warming. Now researchers using decades of data and new simulations report that the observed cooling trend is, in fact, a result of human-caused climate changes. Like the cold tongue itself, this new cooling comes from wind patterns that change ocean mixing.

As pleasant as a cooling streak sounds, this trend has unfortunate consequences elsewhere. Scientists have found that this cooling has a direct effect on drought in East Africa and southwestern North America. (Image credit: J. Shoer; via APS News)

Inside an Alien Atmosphere

Studying the physics of planetary atmospheres is challenging, not least because we only have a handful of examples to work from in our own solar system. So it’s exciting that researchers have unveiled our first look at the 3D structure of an exoplanet‘s atmosphere.

Using ground-based observations, researchers studied WASP-121b, also known as Tylos, an ultra-hot Jupiter that circles its star in only 30 Earth hours. One face of the planet always faces its star while the other faces into space. The team found that the exoplanet has a flow deep in the atmosphere that carries iron from the hot daytime side to the colder night side. Higher up, the atmosphere boasts a super-fast jet-stream that doubles in speed (from an estimated 13 kilometers per second to 26 kilometers per second) as it crosses from the morning terminator to the evening. As one researcher observed, the planet’s everyday winds make Earth’s worst hurricanes look tame. (Image credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser; research credit: J. Seidel et al.; via Gizmodo)

An Exoplanet’s Supersonic Jet Stream

WASP-127b is a hot Jupiter-type exoplanet located about 520 light-years from us. A new study of the planet’s atmosphere reveals a supersonic jet stream whipping around its equatorial region at 9 kilometers per second. For comparison, our Solar System’s fastest winds, on Neptune, are a comparatively paltry 0.5 kilometers per second. The team estimates the speed of sound — which depends on temperature and the atmosphere’s chemical make-up — on WASP-127b as about 3 kilometers per second, far below the measured wind speed. The planet’s poles, in contrast, are much colder and have far lower wind speeds.

Of course, these measurements can only give us a snapshot of what the exoplanet’s atmosphere is like; we don’t have altitude data, for example, to see how the wind speed varies with height. Nevertheless, it shows that exoplanets beyond our planetary system can have some unimaginably wild weather. (Video and image credit: ESO/L. Calçada; research credit: L. Nortmann et al.; via Gizmodo)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcY1vxbKjO0

Beneath a River of Red

A glowing arch of red, pink, and white anchors this stunning composite astrophotograph. This is a STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) caused by a river of fast-moving ions high in the atmosphere. Above the STEVE’s glow, the skies are red; that’s due either to the STEVE or to the heat-related glow of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc. Find even more beautiful astrophotography at the artist’s website and Instagram. (Image credit: L. Leroux-Géré; via APOD)

Wave Clouds in the Atacama

Striped clouds appear to converge over a mountaintop in this photo, but that’s an illusion. In reality, these clouds are parallel and periodic; it’s only the camera’s wide-angle lens that makes them appear to converge.

Wave clouds like these form when air gets pushed up and over topography, triggering an up-and-down oscillation (known as an internal wave) in the atmosphere. At the peak of the wave, cool moist air condenses water vapor into droplets that form clouds. As the air bobs back down and warms, the clouds evaporate, leaving behind a series of stripes. You can learn more about the physics behind these clouds here and here. (Image credit: Y. Beletsky; via APOD)

Yes I’m currently actively looking for a job. I have a background in mechanical and environmental engineering with an emphasis on atmospheric science. I’ve done data analysis and source identifications for VOCs in urban environments. I also have teaching and mentoring experience for undergraduate level courses. If anyone is looking for support in air quality studies/work, please drop me a line. Not a citizen, but I’m eligible to work in USA (green card). #GetFediHired #engineering #jobSearch #AtmosphericScience

#CitizenScience opportunity: photos of unusual, brightly colored sunsets in the wake of major volcanic eruptions in the recent past can be used to extract color ratios that indicate #aerosol loading of the #stratosphere. In turn, that can help researchers constrain the ash "yield" of eruptions and improve atmospheric models.

If you're interested in contributing, DM me and I will put you in touch with the research team.

Reference: acp.copernicus.org/articles/14