Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Indigenous <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Ethiopian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ethiopian</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/ambassadors" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ambassadors</span></a> were usually religious officials of high rank or trusted members of the imperial household, perhaps because the Ethiopians thought that <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/European" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>European</span></a> Christian powers could best be approached by men of religion. Indigenous# Congolese ambassadors, on the other hand, were normally relatives of the king and could be cast in a much more ‘noble’ or princely light. As high-ranking royal relatives and courtiers, they donned expensive European clothes given to them by the Portuguese monarchs or popes on arrival at court. One other outstanding difference is noticeable between ambassadors from these two countries, for some Congolese ambassadors brought their wives, who represented yet another facet of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Africa" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Africa</span></a> – African womanhood. (5/6)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCaldendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCaldendar</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span></p>
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#adventcaldendar
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Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The situation is quite different for <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Congo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Congo</span></a>. After the christianisation of the kingdom, <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>diplomats</span></a> were dispatched to the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>pope</span></a> </p><p>“The problem for Congolese ambassadors was that their route to Rome inexorably passed through Portugal (as they had to take ships to reach Europe and all the ships were Portuguese), but that once in Lisbon, the Portuguese were extremely reluctant to let the Congolese out of their sphere of influence and so kept them in Portugal. [...] Portugal guarded its power over the Congo jealously, and it is not coincidental that Congolese ambassadors started appearing in Rome only after Portugal's annexation by Spain in 1580,” as Lowe explains. (4/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Portugal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Portugal</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Spain</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCaldendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCaldendar</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>In an article from 2007 Kate Lowe explores <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/African" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>African</span></a> diplomatic representation in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Italy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Italy</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Portugal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Portugal</span></a> during the age of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/renaissance" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>renaissance</span></a>: </p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080440107000552" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">doi.org/10.1017/S0080440107000</span><span class="invisible">552</span></a> </p><p>She, too, picks <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Ethiopia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ethiopia</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Congo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Congo</span></a> as case studies. According to her both states were primarily interested in links with the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Pope</span></a>. The number of Ethiopian <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/embassies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>embassies</span></a> to Rome significantly increased in the 15th and 16th centuries. (3/6)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCaldendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCaldendar</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>However, even when it comes to diplomatic contacts between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/African" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>African</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/European" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>European</span></a> rulers research is biased and focuses mostly on the Christian rulers of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Ethiopia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ethiopia</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Congo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Congo</span></a>. These relations can be traced back to the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/MiddleAges" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>MiddleAges</span></a> as Verena Krebs’s doctoral thesis shows: </p><p><a href="https://www.verenakrebs.com/projects/medieval-ethiopian-kingship-craft-and-diplomacy/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">verenakrebs.com/projects/medie</span><span class="invisible">val-ethiopian-kingship-craft-and-diplomacy/</span></a> <br>(2/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCaldendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCaldendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span></p>
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